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and strong efforts were made to convert the whole population to Catholicism. After the end of the Jagiellonian dynasty, it transformed into an electoral monarchy, similar to the city-states of Italy yet operating on a vastly larger scale. They were both generally Roman-Catholic, while the Ruthenians were generally Orthodox. There is also one obvious precedent for a political union that significantly upended the balance of power in the EU and jumped through many of the obstacles that a prospective Polish-Ukrainian Union would face: German reunification. Its lands covered close to one million square kilometers, containing 11 million people. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Is "I didn't think it was serious" usually a good defence against "duty to rescue"? Without an independent Ukraine, there cannot be an independent Poland, Polands interwar leader, Jozef Pilsudski, famously claimed, advocating a Polish-led Eastern European federation including Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukrainebasically a recreation of the medieval commonwealth. The Polish partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwelath The Commonwealth encompassed a large geographic area. The two decades of war and occupation in the mid-17th century, which in the case of Lithuania gave a foretaste of the 18th-century partitions, ruined and exhausted the Commonwealth. Famines and epidemics followed hostilities, and the population dropped from roughly 11 to 7 million. Their alliance later became known in Poland as the "Alliance of the Three Black Eagles" (or Lwenwolde's Treaty), because all three states used a black eagle as a state symbol (in contrast to the white eagle, a symbol of Poland). They discussed the IRA, cooperation with China, and this years forthcoming Conference of Parties climate summit in Dubai. Essential analysis of the stories shaping geopolitics on the continent. In Polish, there are two separate words for the two meanings. I'm not really sure what that means. Members of the Sejm were sometimes bribed to support certain kings over others. A single member of parliament's belief that a measure was injurious to his own constituency (usual PS: please excuse my poor English. During the first two partitions, in 1772 and 1793, Lithuania lost only lands inhabited by East Slavs. How did the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth become official? How did the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth become official? Wars with neighboring kingdoms continued sporadically. Polish became a main language of Central and Eastern Europe, to the chagrin of some Lithuanians within the kingdom. Unlike in 1990, when East Germans contended themselves with embracing the existing West German Basic Law and, in fact, the entire legal and political system of their more developed democratic cousins, a Polish-Ukrainian union would require drafting a new constitutional document and building shared federal or confederal institutionsin addition to what would be a complex unification treaty. Delivered Monday-Saturday. Belarussian and Ukrainian languages started to get apart only in XVI century, after Polish Kingdom took away Ukraine from Grand Duchy of Lithuania. :-). With a degree in History, Mark enjoys writing about many topics in history and putting them into context. Hon. Arguably, the biggest challenge of German reunification involved the economic gap between the two constituent parts. [28] Sometimes termed Polonia, these expatriate communities often contributed funding and military support to the project of regaining the Polish nation-state. Diaspora politics were deeply affected by developments in and around the homeland, and vice versa, for many decades. A Polish-Ukrainian Union may well be the most straightforward way through which postwar Ukraine is turned into a stable, prosperous, and strong country that will be able to keep Russia at baysomething that is keenly in Warsaws interest. Two MacBook Pro with same model number (A1286) but different year, Extracting arguments from a list of function calls. But I suppose you know how to use the index and the table of contents of a book to quickly find all needed information. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products.