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framing research agendas. For decades, scholars and civil society institutions have called for increased public participation in STI, and political institutions have been taking up the request . Evaluations, for instance of the criteria used to take such decisions, show mixed results as well as possible bias regarding who presented the proposal [51]. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662506071287, Wynne B (1996) In: Lash S, Szerszynski B, Wynne B (eds) May the sheep safely graze? Rosa et al. Agenda-setting will reconfirms the power of the press while still maintaining that individuals were free to choose. Definitions by the largest Idiom Dictionary. Moreover, the policy styles literature is, at its core, about characterising the way governments approach problem-solving, and the relationship between government and societal actors (see Howlett & Josun, Citation2018; Howlett & Tosun, Citation2021; Richardson et al., Citation1982). [84] critique the linear top-down model which has characterised agricultural innovation since the green revolution in which farmers are mainly recipients and users of technology, with this dependency resulting in a loss of much of the knowledge, experience and skills necessary for sustainable production. From a policy-making perspective, the agenda-setting phase is crucial. [74] describe that participatory agenda setting uncovers alternative rationalities, values and realities that may serve as important counter-weights to state-of-the-art policy and its priorities and hence the business as usual. Public Underst Sci 26(6):634649. Furthermore, political appreciation of results and a will to implement democratic STI governance is a key limiting factor. Here, Pagliarino et al. NG is the sole author of this article. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193579, Gastil J (2017) In: Jamieson KH, Kahan DM, Scheufele DA (eds) Designing public deliberation at the intersection of science and public policy. First, as briefly mentioned in the introduction, most of these tools are focussed on the implementation stage of the policy process. European Journal of Futures Research As institutions shifted towards public engagement and more activities were requested and commissioned, a participation industry came to life [35], keeping public participation alive until today, in some countries more than in others. As TA is inherently democratic, it has actively promoted public engagement in science and technology, relying not only on functional arguments of inclusion in modern democracy, but also on a normative one such as the empowerment of citizens and stakeholders, and its value in itself [69]. when new knowledge is gained by solving the co-created research topics, which is then put into practice, or by changing ideas and believes or paradigms. Sci Technol Hum Values 37(5):506527, Krzywoszynska A, Matt W, Buckley A, Chiles P, Gregson N, Holmes H, Mawyin J (2018) Opening up the participation laboratory: the cocreation of publics and futures in upstream participation. For this reason, amongst others, reflecting the fields normativity, actors roles and trailing implications have recently experienced a revival in technology assessment [86, 87] and sustainability science [88], and remain an ongoing activity. Regardless of the synchronicity with political cycles, the dominant mechanism this family of instruments relies on to impose policy demands is legitimation. Eur J Futur Res 8(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-020-00169-6, Schroth F, Glatte H, Kaiser S, Heidingsfelder M (2020) Participatory agenda setting as a process of people, ambassadors and translation: a case study of participatory agenda setting in rural areas. [80] support this and go further by stating that this adaptation of issues through translation, comparison, categorisation, and combination should be subject to close scrutiny, especially where different actor groups such as laypeople and experts are concerned. This is also referred to as open coding in grounded theory [78], aimed at at a true description without bias owing to the preconceptions of the researcher, an understanding of the material in terms of the material [76]. Is the decision fostered by certain path dependencies or an overarching policy style to managing demands (Halpin & Fraussen, Citation2021)? They say Each public arena has a characteristic rhythm of organizational life that influences the timing of its interactions with social problems, thus affecting [issue] selection (ibid). Boden M, Johnston R, Scapolo F (2012) The role of FTA in responding to grand challenges: a new approach for STI policy? Eur J Futur Res 8(1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-020-00166-9, Balzs B, Horvth J, Pataki G (2020) Science-society dialogue from the start: participatory research agenda-setting by Science Cafs. The terms research priority setting and research agenda setting are often used interchangeably [47]. It is regarded as the extension of agenda setting theory which prioritize an issue and makes the audience think about its effects. Participatory technology assessment (pTA) specifically aimed at strengthening inclusive deliberation on emerging technologies and STI agendas [8, 9], whilst foresight, and here especially horizon scanning activities with participatory elements, focussed early on the potential of stakeholder engagement for on identifying new topics for STI governance [10,11,12,13].